1. Kev Taw Qhia
Kev siv cov tooj liab pyrometallurgical tseem yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tooj liab ua kom huv thawj zaug, suav txog ntau dua 80% ntawm lub peev xwm thoob ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem hloov cov tooj liab sulfide concentrates (feem ntau yog chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂) mus rau hauv cov tooj liab cathode uas muaj purity siab (≥99.99% Cu) los ntawm ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm metallurgical kub siab. Tsab xov xwm no piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem flowsheet uas muaj flash smelting, converting, anode refining, thiab electrolytic refining.
2. Kev Npaj thiab Sib Tov Cov Tshuaj Concentrate
Cov tooj liab concentrates (25-35% Cu) tuaj txog los ntawm lub thawv loj thiab khaws cia rau hauv cov khoom siv uas muaj hau. Cov dej noo feem ntau yog 8-12% thiab yuav tsum tau txo kom ≤0.3% siv cov qhov cub rotary lossis cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws kom tiv thaiv kev tawg thiab kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dhau hauv kev smelting downstream.
Cov khoom qhuav sib xyaw nrog cov fluxes (quartz, limestone), reverts, thiab converter slag hauv qhov sib piv uas tswj tau zoo. Cov nroj tsuag niaj hnub no siv cov disc feeders thiab cov load-cell systems uas ua tiav qhov sib xyaw kom raug hauv ±0.5%.
3. Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob
Kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob flash smelting yog thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws rau kev kho cov tooj liab sulfide concentrates, uas sawv cev thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm Outotec (tam sim no yog Metso) flash furnaces thiab Suav teb tsim cov pa oxygen bottom-blown furnaces.
3.1 Txoj Cai Txheej Txheem
Cov tshuaj qhuav raug txhaj rau hauv cov cua kub, muaj oxygen ntau (oxygen concentration 75-90%) ntawm 850-950°C. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (qhuav, oxidation, slag thiab matte tsim) ua tiav hauv 3-5 vib nas this, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb suav nrog: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Cov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceeb
- Qhov chaw ua haujlwm: qhov siab 11-14 m, txoj kab uas hla 7-9 m, npog nrog cov cib magnesite-chrome zoo thiab cov tsho dej tooj liab.
- Tus ncej uas nyob hauv av thiab tus ncej uas nqus tau: kev sib cais ntawm cov hlau nplaum (65-75% Cu) thiab cov hlau nplaum uas sib nqus tau.
- Lub boiler cua sov pov tseg: rov qab tau cua sov uas nkag siab tau los ntawm ~ 550 ° C tawm ntawm roj rau kev tsim cov pa dej.
- Qhov sib piv ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke qhuav
- Qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: 1250-1300 ° C
- Kub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: 1180-1220 ° C
- Slag Fe/SiO₂ piv: 1.1-1.4, tooj liab hauv slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Cov Kev Tswj Xyuas Tseem Ceeb
Lub peev xwm ntawm lub cub tawg ib zaug tuaj yeem ncav cuag 4000-5500 t / d concentrate nrog kev ua haujlwm thermal > 98% thiab ze li ntawm 100% SO₂ ntes.
4. Hloov pauv
Cov xim pleev xim raug xa mus los ntawm cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws lossis cov tais diav uas tau cua sov hluav taws xob mus rau Peirce-Smith converters lossis cov cub tawg uas hloov pauv tas mus li.
4.1 Theem Tsim Slag
Cov cua uas muaj oxygen ntau (25-35% O₂) raug tshuab kom oxidize hlau sulfide. Cov slag uas muaj 2-8% Cu raug skimmed thiab xa rov qab mus rau flash smelting.
4.2 Theem Ua Tooj Liab
Kev tshuab txuas ntxiv oxidizes Cu₂S rau blister tooj liab (98.5-99.3% Cu) ntawm 1180-1230 ° C.
5. Anode Rauv Hluav Taws Kub Refining
Cov tooj liab blister raug them rau hauv 50-500 t chaw ruaj khov lossis tilting anode furnaces rau oxidation-txo refining.
5.1 Theem Oxidation
Cov pa oxygen lossis cov pa oxygen tshem tawm cov Fe, Ni, As, Sb, thiab Bi uas seem ua cov slag uas ntab.
5.2 Theem Txo
Cov pa oxygen raug txo kom tsawg siv cov roj av, diesel, lossis cov ncej ntoo rau 150-300 ppm. Cov tooj liab refined raug pov rau hauv 300-450 kg anodes (Cu ≥99.0%).
6. Kev Ua Kom Zoo Dua Los Ntawm Hluav Taws Xob
Cov anodes raug muab tso rau hauv cov hlwb electrolytic nrog cov hlau lead lossis titanium niam blanks ua cathodes hauv CuSO₄-H₂SO₄ electrolyte.
6.1 Cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm
- Qhov ceev tam sim no: 220-320 A / m²
- Lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm tes: 0.22-0.32 V
- Qhov kub ntawm cov electrolyte: 60-65 ° C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g/L, dawb H₂SO₄: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob
Kev yaj ntawm cov anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Cov ntsiab lus zoo dua (Au, Ag, Se, Te) tshaj tawm rau cov anode slime; cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo nkag mus rau hauv cov kua. Cathode deposition yields ≥99.993% Cu ua tau raws li LME Qib A specifications.
7. Kev Kho Mob Roj Tawm thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Ib puag ncig
Cov pa roj SO₂ uas muaj ntau los ntawm lub cub tawg, cov hloov pauv, thiab cov cub tawg anode raug txias, tshem cov plua plav, thiab ua tiav hauv cov nroj tsuag kua qaub uas sib txuas ob zaug kom tau txais cov sulfur ntau dua 99.8%. Cov pa roj SO₂ qis dua 100 mg/Nm³. Arsenic, mercury, thiab lwm yam hlau hnyav raug tshem tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb.
8. Xaus Lus
Cov txheej txheem pyrometallurgy tooj liab niaj hnub no tau ua tiav qhov kev sib txuas lus siab, kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg, thiab kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm flash smelting-continuous converting-anode refining-electrorefining flowsheets xa cov tooj liab rov qab tag nrho >98.5% thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb ntawm 280-320 kgce / t cathode, sawv cev rau cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Kev txhim kho tas mus li hauv kev ua kom muaj oxygen ntau ntxiv, cov thev naus laus zis ua tooj liab tas mus li, thiab kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem digital yuav ua rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ruaj khov ntxiv.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-22-2025